Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the U.S. government’s domestic intelligence and security service, as well as its primary federal law enforcement agency. As part of the U.S. Department of Justice, the FBI is an integral member of the U.S. Intelligence Community, reporting to both the Attorney General and the Director of National Intelligence. Known for its expertise in counterterrorism, counterintelligence, and criminal investigations, the FBI oversees the enforcement of over 200 federal laws.

Although its roles are unique, the FBI's responsibilities parallel those of agencies like the British MI5, New Zealand’s GCSB, and Russia’s FSB. Unlike the CIA, which focuses on international intelligence collection without law enforcement duties, the FBI operates mainly within the United States. It maintains 56 field offices across major cities, plus more than 400 resident agencies in smaller locations nationwide. The FBI also plays an international role with 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices in U.S. embassies worldwide, facilitating coordination with foreign security services.

Formed on July 26, 1908, as the Bureau of Investigation (BOI), the agency changed its name to the FBI in 1935. Its headquarters is located in the J. Edgar Hoover Building in Washington, D.C. The FBI is also known for its list of the most wanted fugitives.

Mission, Priorities, and Budget

The FBI’s mission is to "protect the American people and uphold the Constitution of the United States." Its current key priorities include:

• Protecting the U.S. from terrorism
• Defending against foreign intelligence, espionage, and cyber threats
• Combating cybercrime and public corruption
• Safeguarding civil rights
• Addressing transnational crime, white-collar crime, and violent crime

The FBI's fiscal year 2021 budget amounted to $9.75 billion, with the majority allocated to salaries and expenses.

History and Evolution

The FBI’s origins trace back to the National Bureau of Criminal Identification in 1896, aimed at providing criminal identification services. After President William McKinley’s assassination in 1901, the threat of anarchist violence led President Theodore Roosevelt to push for a more organized federal investigative body. In 1908, the Bureau of Investigation (BOI) was established within the Justice Department, later renamed the FBI in 1935.

J. Edgar Hoover, who served as FBI Director from 1924 to 1972, is credited with professionalizing the agency and creating the FBI Laboratory. Hoover's controversial tenure also saw the FBI’s involvement in major cases like the apprehension of notorious criminals during the "War on Crime" in the 1930s.

The FBI has also been involved in numerous national security cases, including espionage investigations and breaking Soviet codes during the Cold War. The agency's actions, such as wiretapping and surveillance, have been central to its operations, though some of these methods have faced legal challenges over time.

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